Chapter 2 - Nature and Contents of Arthashastra

The Arthashastra of Kautilya, is a great monumental work on the science of Indian polity. It imbibes in itself an unmistakable value and interest. The work compiled by Kautilya during the period of Maurya Empire i.e., 320-326 B.C., has been still alive because of its having ever importance. It has been a great source for succeeding Indian scholars on the science of polity, thinkers, poets and critics too. As stated by Kautilya himself "The subsistence of mankind is termed Artha, wealth; the earth which contains mankind is termed Artha, wealth; and that Sastra or science which treats of the means of acquiring and maintaining the earth is the Artha-shastra, science of polity.¹ The entire subject matter of the Arthasastra has been divided into fifteen Adhikaranas, or one hundred and fifty Adhyayas or one hundred and eighty 1. manusyanam vrttirarthah ; manusyavati bhumirityarthah ; tasyah prthivyah labhapalanopayah sastramarthasastramiti | Arthasastra, Oriental Research Institute, Mysore, 1986, Adhikarana XV. • p. 531 uatak University , '

30 Prakaranas or six thousand slokas. This Sastra is bereft of undue enlargement and easy to understand.² So far, as the nature of the Arthasastra is concerned the subject matter of the text is classified into 32 technical divisions called yuktis. They are as below : 1. Adhikarana - The Book, 2. Vidhana Contents, - 3. Yoga Suggestion of similar facts, 4. Padartha - The meaning of a word, 5. Hetvartha - The purport of reason, 6. Uddesa - Mention of a fact in brief, 7. Nirdesa - Mention of a fact in detail, 8. Upadesa - Guidance, 9. Apadesa - Quotation, 10. Atidesa Application, - 11. Pradesa The place of reference, - 12. Upamana - Simile, 13. Arthapatti - Implication, 2. sukhagrahanavijneyam tatvarthapadaniscitam | kautilyena krtam sastram vimuktagranthavistaram || Arthashastra, Adhikarana I (Vinayadhikarikam), Adhyaya I, p.12

31 14. Samsaya - Doubt, 15. Prasanga - Reference to similar procedure, 16. Viparyaya - Contrariety, 17. Vakyasesa - Elipsis, 18. Anumata - Acceptance, 19. Vyakhyana - Explanation, 20. Nirvacana - Derivation, 21. Nidarsana - Illustration, 22. Apavarga - Exception, 23. Svasamjna - The author's own technical terms, 24. Purvapaksa - Prima facie, 25. Uttara paksa - Rejoinder, 26. Ekanta Conclusion, - 27. Anagataveksana - Reference to a subsequent portion, 28. Atikrantaveksana - Reference to a previous portion, 29. Niyoga Command, - 30. Vikalpa Alternative, - 31. Samuccya - Compounding together, i 32. Uhya determinable fact. The explanation of these technical divisions with illustrations may be as below:

32 1. Adhikarana: The Book. The portion of a work in which a subject or topic is treated of, is Adhikarana as, for example: "This Artha-shastra, or science of polity, has been made as a compendium of all those Artha-sastras, which have been written by ancient teachers, as a guidance to kings in acquiring and maintaining the earth."³ 2. Vidhana: Contents. A brief description of the matter contained in a book, is its Vidhana, as "The end of learning; association with the aged; control of the organs of sense; the creation of ministers, and the like."4 3. Yoga: Suggestion of similar facts. Pointing out similar facts by the use of such words as "These and the like." is yoga; for example: "The world, consisting of the four castes and the four religious divisions and the like."5 4. Padartha: The meaning of a word. The sense which a word has to convey is Padartha; for example, with regard to the word mulahara; "Whoever squanders 3. 4. 5. yamarthamadhikrtyocyate tadadhikaranam - " prthivya labhe palane ca yavantyarthasastrani purvacaryaih prasthapitani prayasastani samhatyaikamidamarthasastram krtam " iti | ( 1-1) Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p.531. sastrasya prakarananupurvi vidhanam - "vidyasamuddesah, vrddhasamyogah, indriyajayah, amatyotpattih " iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532. evamadikamiti vakyayojana yogah - " caturvarnasramo lokah " iti | Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532.

33 the wealth acquired for him by his father and grandfather is a mulahara, prodigal son." 5. Hetvartha: The purport of a reason. What is meant to prove an assertion is the Hetvartha; for example "For charity and enjoyment of life depend upon wealth."7 6. Uddesa : Mentioning a fact in brief. Saying in one word is Uddesa, for example: "It is the control of the organs of sense on which success in learning and discipline depend."8 7. Nirdesa: The mention of a fact in detail. Explanation in detached words is the mentioning of a fact in detail; for example: "Absence of discrepancy in the perception of sound, touch, color, flavour and scent by means of the ear, the skin, the eyes, the tongue and the nose, is what meant by restraint of organs of sense. 6. padavadhikah padarthah - 'mulaharah ' iti padam | "yah pitrrpetamahamarthamanyayena bhaksayati sa mulaharah " ityarthah | 7. 8. 9. Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532. haturarthasadhako hatvarthah - 'arthamulau hi dharmakamau ' iti | Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532. samasavakyamuddesah - vidyavinayaheturindriyajayah iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532. vyasavakyam nirdesah - 'karnatvagaksijihvaghranendriyanam sabda sparsaruparasagandhesvavipratipattirindriyajayah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532.

34 8. Upadesa: Guidance. Such statement as, "Thus one should live", is Upadesa; for example: "Not violating the laws of righteousness and economy, he should live."10 9. Apadesa : Quotation. Such statement as, "He says thus," is Apadesa; for example "The school of Manu says that a king should make his assembly of ministers consisting of twelve ministers; the school of Brhaspati say that it should consist of sixteen ministers; the school of Usanas says it should contain twenty members, but Kautilya holds that it should contain as many ministers as the need of the kingdom requires."11 10. Atidesa: Application. When a rule dwelt upon in connection with a question is said to apply to another question also, and it is termed as Atidesa; for example "what is said of a debt not repaid hold good with failure to make good a promised gift."12 10. evam vartitavyamityupadesah - 'dharmarthavirodhena kamam seveta, na nissukhasyat ' iti | Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 532. 11. evamasava hetyapadesah - 'mamtriparisadam dvadasamatyan kurviteti manavah sodaseti barhaspatyah, vimsatimityausanasah, yathasamarthyamiti kautilyah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 533. 12. uktena sadhanamatidesah - 'dattasyapradanamrnadanena vyakhyatam ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 533.

35 11. Pradesa: The place of reference. Establishing a fact by what is to be treated of later on is "Pradesa; for example: By making use of such strategic means as conciliation, bribery, dissension, and coercion, as we shall explain in connection, with calamities."13 12. Upamana : Simile. Proving an unseen thing or course of circumstances by what has been seen is Upamana; for example: "Like a father his son, he should protect those of his subjects who have passed the period of the remission of taxes."14 13. Arthapatti : Implication. What naturally follows from a statement of facts, though not spoken of in plain terms, is Arthapatti; for example: "whoever has full experience of the affairs of this world, should through the medium of the courtiers and other friends, win the favour of a king who is of good character and a worthy sovereign." It follows from this that no one should seek the favour of a king through the medium of the king's enemies.15 13. vaktavyena sadhanam pradesah - 'samadanabhedadandairvayatha''patsu vyakhyasyamah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 533. 14. drstenadrstasya sadhanamupamanam - nivrtta pariharan pitevanugrhniyat ' iti | Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 533. 15. yadanuktamarthadapadyate sa'rthapattih 'lokayatravidrajanamatmaprakrtisampannam priyahitadvarenasrayena ' napriyahitadvarena - srayetetyarthadapannam bhavati iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 533.

36 14. Samsaya: Doubt. When the statement of a reason is equally applicable to two kinds of circumstances, it is termed Samsaya, for example: "which of the two should a conqueror march against one whose subjects are impoverished and greedy, or one whose subjects are oppressed ?"16 15. Prasanga : Reference to similar procedure. When the nature of procedure to be specified in connection with a thing, is said to be equal to what has already been specified in connection with another, it is termed Prasanga; for example "on the lands allotted to him for the purpose of carrying on agricultural operations, he should do as before."17 16. Viparyaya : Contrariety. The inference of a reverse statement from a positive statement is termed Viparyaya; for example: "The reverse will be the appearance of a king who is not pleased with the messenger. 18 16. ubhayatohetumanarthassamsayah ksinalubdhaprakrtimapacaritaprakrtim va ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 533. 17. prakaranantarena samano'rthah prasangah - 'krsikarmapradistayam bhumaviti samanam purvena ' iti | Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 534. 18. pratilobhena sadhanam viparyayah - 'viparitamanustasya ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 534.

" 37 17. Vakyasesa: Ellipsis. The portion of a sentence, which is omitted, though necessary to convey a complete sense, is Vakyasesa; for example : "With his feathers pluck off, he will lose his power to move." Here "like a bird" is omitted.' 18. Anumata: Acceptance. 19 When the opinion of another person is stated, but not refuted, it is acceptance of that opinion; for example wings front, and reserve, is the form of an array of the army according to the school of Usanas."20 19. Vyakhyana : Explanation. Description in detail is Vyakhyana; for example: "Especially amongst assemblies and confederacies of kings possessing the characteristics of assemblies; quarrel is due to gambling; and destruction of persons due to the quarrel. Hence, among evil propensities, gambling is the worst evil, since it renders the king powerless for activity."2 19. yena vakyam samapyate sa vakyasesah - 'chinnapaksasyeva rajnascesta nasasceti ' tatra sakuneriti vakyasesah | Arthashastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 534. 20. 'paravakyamapratisiddhamanumatam - paksanurasyam pratigraha ityausanaso vyuhavibhagah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 534. 21. atisayavarnana vyakhyanam - 'visesatasca sanghanam sanghadharminam ca rajakulanam dyutanimitto bhedah tannimitto vinasa ityasatpragrahah papisthatamo vyasananam tantradaurbalyat ' iti | Artha-shastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 534.

38 20. Nirvacana: Derivation. Stating the derivative sense of a word is Nirvacana; for example "That which throws off (vyasyati) a king from his prosperous career is propensity (vyasana)."22 21. Nidarsana : Illustration. The mentioning of a fact illustrates a statement is Nidarsana; for example: "In war with a superior, the inferior will be reduced to the same condition as that of a foot-soldier fighting with an elephant."23 22. Apavarga : Exception. Removal of an undesired implication from a statement is Apavarga; for example: "A king may allow his enemy's army to be present close to his territory, unless he suspects of the existence of any internal trouble."24 23. Svasamjna : The author's own technical terms. Words which are not used by others in the special sense in which they are used by the author may be called Svasamjna; for 22. gunatah sabdanispattirnirvacanam - 'vyasyatyenam sreyasa iti vyasanam ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 534. | 23. drstanto drstantayukto nidarsanam - 'nigrhito hi jyayasa hastinah padayuddhamivamyupaiti ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535. 24. abhiplutavyapakarsanamapavargah - 'nityamasannamaribalam vasayedanyatrabhyantarakopasankayah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535.

39 example: "He who is close to the conqueror's territory is the first member; next to him comes the second member; and next to the second comes the third."25 24. Purva-paksa: Prima facie. The citation of another's opinion to be refuted is Purvapaksa; for example: "Of the two evils, the distress of the king and that of his minister, the latter is worse. 25. Uttara-paksa: Rejoinder. "26 Settled opinion is Uttarapaksa; for example: "The distress of the king is worse, since everything depends upon him for the king is the central pivot, as it were. 26. Ekanta: Conclusion. That which is universal in its application is Ekanta; or an established fact; for example: "A king should ever be ready for manly effort."28 25. parairasamitassabdah svasamjna wwwww 'prathama prakrtistasya, bhumyanantara dvitiya, bhumyekantara trtiya ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535. 26. pratiseddhavyam vakyam purvapaksah - 'svamyamatyavyasanayoramatya vyasanam gariyah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535. 27 tasya nirnayanavakyamuttarapaksah - 'tadayatatvat, kutasthaniyo hi svami ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535. 28. sarvatrayantamekantah - ' tasmadutthanamatmanah ' kurvita iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535.

40 27. Anagataveksana : Reference to a subsequent portion. Drawing attention to a latter chapter is Anagataveksana; for example: "We shall explain balance and weights in the chapter, "The superintendent of Weights and Measures."29 28. Atikrantaveksana : Reference to a previous portion. The statement that it has been already spoken of is Atikranta-Veksana; for example: "The qualifications of a minister have already been described." 29. Niyoga: Command. "Thus and not otherwise" is Niyoga; for example: "Hence he should be taught the laws of righteousness and wealth but not unrighteousness and non-wealth." 30. Vikalpa Alternative. "This or that," is Vikalpa; for example: "Or daughters born of approved marriage (dharmavivaha). 32 29. pascadevam vihitamityanagataveksanam - 'tulapratimanam pautavadhyakse vaksyamah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 535. 30. purastadevam vihitamityatikrantaveksanam - 'amatyasampadukta purastat ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 536. 31. evam nanyatheti niyogah - 'tasmaddharmamartham casyopadisennadharmamanartham ca ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 536. 32. anena va'nena veti vikalpah - 'duhitaro va dharmistesu vivahesu jatah iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 536.

41 31. Samuccaya : Compounding together. "Both with this and that" is Samuccaya; for example: "Whoever is begotten by a man on his wife is agnatic both to the father and the father's relatives."33 32. Uhya Determinable fact. That which is to be determined after consideration is Uhya; for example: "Experts shall determine the validity or invalidity of gifts, so that neither the giver nor the receiver is likely to be hurt thereby."34 Thus, this sastra conforming to these paragraphic divisions, is composed as a guide to acquire and secure this and the other world. In this light of this sastra one can not only set on foot righteous, economical, and aesthetical acts maintain them, but also put down unrighteous, uneconomical and displeasing acts. This sastra has been made by him who from intolerance (of misrule) quickly rescued the scriptures and the science of weapons and the earth, which had passed to the Nanda king. As it is already known the Arthasastra running into fifteen adhikaranas, discusses various topics concerned to the king, village and town administration, revenues, taxes, legal desputes 33. anena canena ceti samuccayah - 'svasanjatah pitrbadhunam ca dayadah ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 536. | 34. anuktakaranamuhyam - 'yathavaddhata pratigrhita ca nopahatau syatam tatha'nusayam kusalah kalpayeyuh ' iti | Arthasastra, Adhikarana XV, p. 536.

42 for property, criminal aspects, ministers, messengers and other related topics. As such, it can be designated as an encyclopaedia of the science of polity in precise. These topics may be seen as under in respective Adhikaranas : Adhikarana - I || vinayadhikarikam || 1 ) rajavrttih - The life of a king; 2) vidyasamuddesah - The end of sciences; 3) trayisthapana - Determination of the place of three-fold; Vedas 4) vartadandanitisthapana - Varta and Dandaniti; 5) vrddhasamyogah- Association with the aged; 6 ) indriyajayah - Restraint of the Restraint of the organs of sense; 7) rajarsivrttam - The life of a saintly king; 8) amatyotpattih - Creation of ministers; 9) mamtripadotpattih - The creation of councillors and priests; Ascertaining by temptations purity or impurity in the character of ministers; 10) upadabhih saucasaucajnanamamatyanam 11) gudhapurusotpattih - The institution of spies; 12) gudhapurusapranidhih - Creation of wandering spies; 13) svavisaye krtyakrtyapaksaraksanam - Protection of parties for or against one's own cause in one's own state;

43 14) paravisaye krtyakrtyapaksopagrahah - Winning over factions for or against an enemy's cause in an enemy's state; 15) mamtradhikarah - The business of council meeting; 16) dutapranidhih - The mission of envoys; 17) rajaputralaksanam - Protection of princess; 18) avaruddhavrttam, avaruddhe ca vrttih - The conduct of a prince kept under restraint and the treatment of a restrained prince; 19) rajapranidhih - The duties of a king; 20) nisantapranidhih - Duty towards the harem; 21 ) atmaraksitakam - Personal safety. Adhikaranna - II || adhyaksapracarah || 1) janapadanivesah - Formation of villages; 2) bhumicchidravidhanam - Division of land; 3) durgavidhanam - Construction of forts; 4 ) durganivesah - Building within the forts; 4) 5 ) sannidhatrnicayakarma - The duties of chamberlian; 6) samahartrsamudayaprasthapanam - The business of the collection of revenue by the collector-general; 7) aksapatale gananikyadhikarah - The business of keeping up accounts in the office of accounts; Universit

44 8 ) samudayasya yuktapahrtasya pratyanayanam - Detection of what is embezzeled by government servants out of state revenue; 9) upayuktapariksa servants; Examination of the conduct of government 10) sasanadhikarah - The procedure of forming royal writs; 11 ) kosapravesyaratnapariksa Examination of gems that are to be entered into the treasury; 12) akarakarmanta pravartanam manufacture; 13) aksasalayam suvarnadhyaksah Goldsmith's office; Conducting mining operations and The superintendent of gold in the 14 ) visikhayam sauvarnikapracarah - The duties of the state Goldsmith in the high road; 15) kostagaradhyaksah - The superintendent of store-house; 16) panyadhyaksah - The superintendent of Commerce; 17) kupyadhyaksah - The superintendent of forest produce; 18) ayudhagaradhyaksah - The superintendent of the armoury; • 19) tulamanapautavam The superintendent of the weights and measures; 20) desakalamanam - Measurement of space and time; 21) sulkadhyaksah - The superintendent of toils;

45 22) Regulation of tool dues; H 23) The superintendent of weaving; 24) The superintendent of agriculture; - 25) The superintendent of liquor; - 26) The superintendent of slaughter-house; 27 ) ganikadhyaksah - The superintendent of prostitutes; 28) navadhyaksah The superintendent of ships; 29) The superintendent of cows; 30 ) asvadhyaksah 31 ) hastyadhyaksah H The superintendent of horses; The superintendent of elephants; 32): The training of elephants; 33) rathadhyaksah The superintendent of chariots; 34 ) patyadhyaksah The superintendent of infantry; 35): - The duties of the Commander-in-chief; 36) mudradhyaksah, vivitadhyaksah - The superintendent of passports and the superin-tendent of pasture lands; 37) sapahrrtrpracarah, grhapatikavaidehakatapasavyanjanah pranidhih The duty of revenue collectors, spies under the guise of house-holders, merchants and ascetics; 38) nagarikapranidhih - the duty of a city superintendent.

46 1) vyavaharasthapana Adhikarana - III || dharmasthiyam || The determination of forms of agreement; 2) vivadanibandhah - Determination of legal disputes; 3) vivahasamyukte - vivahadharmah stridhanakalpah adivedanikam Concerning of , marriage; the duty of marriage; the property of a woman and compensations for re-marriage; 4) vivahasamyukte - susrusabharmaparupyadvesaticara vyavaharapratisedhasca - The duty of a wife; maintenance of a woman; cruelty to women ; enmity between husband and wife; a wife's transgression; her kindness to another and forbidden transactions; 5) vivahasamyukte - nispatanam pratyanusaranam hrasvapravasah dirghapravasah elopement and short and long sojournments; 6) dayavibhage - dayakramah - dayakramah - Division of inheritance; Vagrancy, 7) dayavibhage - amsavibhagah - Special shares in inheritance; 8) dayavibhage - putravibhagah - Distinction between sons; 9) vastuke-grhavastukam - Buildings; 10) vastuke- vastuvikrayah, simavivadah, maryadasthapanam badhabadhikam - Sale of buildings, boundary disputes, determination of boundaries and miscellaneous hindrances; 11) vastuke - vivitaksetrapathahimsasamayasyanapakarma Destruction of pasture of lands, fields and non-performance of agreements; 12) rnadanam - Recovery of debts;

47 13) aupanidhikam - Concerning deposits; 14) dasakarmakarakalpe - dasakalpah (svamyadhikarah ) - Rules regarding slaves and labourers; 15) karmakarakalpe - bhrtakadhikarah sambhuyasamutthanam - Rules regarding labourers; and co-operative undertaking; 16) vikritakritanusayah - Recession of purchase and sale; 17 ) dattasyanapakarma, asvamivikrayah, svasvamisambandhah - Resumption of gifts, sale without ownership, and ownership; 18) sahasam - Robbery; 19) vakparusyam - Defamation; 20) dandaparusyam - Assault; 21) m dyutasamahvayam, prakirnakani - Gambling and betting and miscellaneous offences. Adhikarana - IV || kantakasodhanam || 1) karukaraksanam - Protection against artisans; 2) vaidehakaraksanam - Protection against merchants; 3) upanipatapratikarah - Remedies against national calamities; 4) gudhajivinam raksa - Suppression of the wicked living by foul means; 5) siddhavyanjanaih manavaprakasanam - Detection of youths criminal tendency by ascetic spies;

48 6) sankarupakarmabhigrahah - Seizure of criminals on suspicion or in the very act; 7) asumrtakapariksa - Examination of sudden death; 8) vakyakarmanuyogah - Trial and torture to elicit confession; 9) sarvadhikaranaraksanam Departments; Protection of all kinds of Government 10) ekangavadhaniskrayah - Fines in Lieu of mutilation of limbs; 11) suddhah citrasca dandakalpah Death with or without torture; 12) kanyaprakarma - Sexual intercourse with immature girls; 13) aticaradandah - Punishment for violating justice. Adhikarana - V || yogavrttam || 1) dandakarmikam - Concerning the awards of punishments; 2) kosabhisamharanam - Replenishment of the treasury; 3) bhrtyabharaniyam servants; Concerning subsistance to government 4) anujivivrttam - The conduct of a courier; -- 5 ) samayacarikam - Time-serving; 6) rajyapratisandhanam ekaisvaryam - Consolidation of the kingdom and absolute sovereignty.

49 Adhikarana - VI || mandalayonih | | 1) prakrtisampadah - The elements of sovereignty; - 2) samavyayamikam - Concerning peace and exertion; Adhikarana - VII || sadgunyam || 1 ) sadgunyasamuddesah ksayasthanavrddhiniscayah The six-fold policy, and determination of deterioration, stagnation and progress; 2):- The nature of alliance; 3) samahinajyayasam gunabhinivesah hinasandhayah The character of equal, inferior and superior kings; and forms of agreement made by an inferior king; 4) vigrhyasanam, sandhayasanam, vigrhyayanam, sandhayayanam, sambhuyaprayanam Neutrality after proclaiming war or after concluding a .treaty of peace, marching after proclaiming war or after making peace; and the March of combined powers; 5) yatavyamitrayoramigrahacinta, ksayalobhaviragahetavah prakrtinam samavayikaviparimarsah Consideration about marching against an assailable enemy and a strong enemy; a strong enemy; causes leading to the dwindling, greed, and disloyalty of the army; and consideration about the combination of powers;

50 6) samhitaprayanikam, paripanitaparipanitapasrtasca sandhayah The march of combined powers; agreement of peace with or without definite terms; and peace with renegades; 7) dvaidhibhavikah samdhivikramah - Peace and war by adopting the double policy; 8) yatavyavrttih, anugrahyamitravisesah The attitude of an assaolable enemy; and friends that deserve help; 9) mitrasamdhih, hiranyasamdhih - Agreement for the acquisition of a friend or gold; 10 ) bhumisamdhih - Agreement of peace for the acquisition of land; 11) anavasitasamdhih - Interminable agreement; 12 ) karmasamdhih - Agreement for undertaking a work; 13) parsnigrahacinta - Considerations about an enemy in the rear; 14 ) hinasaktipuranam - Recruitment of lost power; 15) balavata vigrhyoparodhahetavah, dandopanatavrttam - Measures conducive to peace with a strong and provoked enemy; and the attitude of a conquered enemy; 16) dandopanayivrttam - The attitude of a conquered king; 17) samdhikarma, samdhimoksah - Making peace and breaking it; 18) madhyamodasinamandalacaritani - The conduct of a madhyama king, a neutral king, and of a circle of states.

51 Adhikarana - VIII || vyasanadhikarikam || 1) prakrtivyasanavargah The aggregate of the calamities of the elements of sovereignty; 2) rajarajyarvyasanacinta Considerations about the troubles of the king and of his kingdom; 3) purusavyasanavargah - The aggregate of the troubles of men; 4) pidanavargah, stambhavargah, kosasangavargah - The group of molestations, the group of obstructions, and the group of financial troubles; 5) balavyasanavargah, mitravyasanavargah - The group of troubles of the army, and the group of a friend. Adhikarana - IX || abhiyasyatkarma || - 1) saktidesakalabalabalajnanam yatrakalah The knowledge of power, place, time, strength and weakness; the time of invasion; 2) balopadanakala, sannahagunah pratibalakarma - The time of recruiting the army; the form of equipment; and the work of arraying a rival force; 3) pascatkopacinta bahyabhyantaraprakrtikopapratikarah Consideration of annoyance in the rear; and remedies against internal and external troubles; 4) ksayavyayalabhaviparimarsa - Consideration about loss of men, wealth, and profit;

52 5) bahyabhyantarascapadah External and internal dangers; 6) dusyasatrusamyuktah - Persons associated with traitors and enemies; 7) arthanarthasamsayayuktah, tasamupayavikalpajah, siddhayasca Doubts about wealth and harm; and success to be obtained by the employment of alternative strategic means. Adhikarana - X || sangramikam || 1) skadhavaranivesah - Encampment; 2) skadhavaraprayanam, balavyasanavaskandakalaraksanam - March of the camp; and protection of the army in times of distress and attack; 3) kutayuddhavikalpah, svasainyossahanam, svabalanyabalavyayogah Forms of Treacherous fights; encouragement to one's own army and fight between one's own and enemy's armies; 4) yuddhabhumayah patyasvarathahastikarmani - Battlefields; the work of infantry, cavalry, chariots, and elephants; 5) paksakaksorasyanam balagrato vyahavibhagah - The distinctive array of troops in respect of wings, flanks, and front; distinction between strong and weak troops; and battle with infantry, cavalry, chariots, and elephants; 6) dandabhogamandalasamhatavyuhavyuhanam, prativyuhasthapanam - The array of the army like a staff, a snake, a circle, or in detached order; the array of the army against that of an enemy.

53 Adhikarana - XI || sanghavrttam || Causes of dissension, and secret 1) bhedopadanani upamsudandah - , punishment. Adhikarana - XII || abaliyasam || 1) dutakarmani - The duties of a messenger; 2) mantrayuddham - Battle of intrigue; 3) senamukhyavadhah mandalaprotsahanam - Slaying the commander-in-chief and inciting a circle of states; 4) sastragnirasapranidhayah vivadhasaraprasarvadhah - Spies with weapons, fire, and poison; and destruction of supply, stores and granaries; 5) yogatisandhanam dandatisandhanam ekavijayah - Capture of the enemy by means of secret contrivances or by means of the army; and complete victory. Adhikarana - XIII || durgalambopayah || 1) 34 - Sowing the seeds of dissension; 344148 2) yagavamanam - Enticement of kings by secret contrivances; 3): - The work of spies in a siege;

54 4) paryupasanakarma avamardah - The operation of a siege; 5) labdhaprasamanam - Restoration of peace in a conquered country. Adhikarana - XIV || aupanisadikam || 1) paraghataprayogah - Means to injure an enemy; 2) pralambhane adbhutotpadanam - Wonderful and delusive contrivances; 3) pralambhane bhaisajyamantrayogah mantras; The application of medicines and 4) svabalopaghatapratikarah Remedies against the injuries of one's own army. Adhikarana - XV || tantrayuktih || 1) Paragraphical divisions of this treatise. In this way, the Arthasastra of Kautilya has dealt with the acquisition and preservation of the dominion. In otherwords it is the quint essence of the arts of government. In the opinion of Kautilya a king's provision of security and prosperity for his own people is conveyed by the term Tantra, and his arrangement for keeping watch over the neighbouring rulers is

55 expressed by the technical term Avapa. As such Kautilya's Arthasastra may be said as consisting of two wide divisions, the tantra portion comprising the first five Adhikaranas and the Avapa portion consisting of next nine Adhikaranas. In a nutshell the Arthasastra is a veritable nine of information about the running of a bureacratic system of government in ancient Indian state.